Years On, Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror. Spring, 1. 95. 6: Three Vietnamese Communist Party members watch (background) as an accuser confronts a land owner in Hanoi. Photo: RFA. BANGKOK—Vietnam this year marks the 5. The land reform was a massacre of innocent, honest people, and using contemporary terms we must say that it was a genocide triggered by class discrimination. More than 1. 72,0. North Vietnam campaign after being classified as landowners and wealthy farmers, official records of the time show. Former Hanoi government official Nguyen Minh Can, who was part of the campaign to change direction following the terror, said it amounted to “genocide.”.

The land reform was a massacre of innocent, honest people, and using contemporary terms we must say that it was a genocide triggered by class discrimination,” he told RFA’s Vietnamese service. Hundreds of thousands died. Suddenly they implemented a land reform by sending groups of officials to the countryside, and giving them the freedom to classify and accuse people as landowners at will. An additional number of 1. I am talking about the number of wrongly tried victims that were seriously depressed and furious to the extent that they had to commit suicide. This number was in fact not small.

In my opinion this consequence was very serious. It has given a terrible fright to the people,” Can added.

But official figures leave out summary executions of those accused of membership of the National People’s Party, however. Unofficial estimates of those killed by Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam Labor Party, which later become the Vietnamese Communist Party, range from 2. Son Of A Gun Movie Watch Online on this page.

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Former Communist Party official Nguyen Minh Can. Photo: RFA. In the political rhetoric of the time, the victims were “dug to the core and destroyed to the root,” as enemies of the people. Some were committed communists, who cried out “Long Live the Communist Party” before being killed. Writer Tran Manh Hao witnessed the land reforms, which prompted the evacuation of most of his family to South Vietnam.

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I saw the extreme horror, and I wondered what kind of regime this was, that had no other method than to repress and annihilate people,” he said. It took them to 'people’s courts' and shot them on the scene without a fair trial and even without any evidence.”. Some say 'genocide'.

The land reform campaign was a crime of genocide like that of Pol Pot,” Hao said. And another writer, Duong Thu Huong, recalls seeing bodies as a child of eight when he went out to water vegetables. Right in front of my house was a hanged man in the year of the land reform. When I was eight years old, I had to accompany the students to public locations where landowners were dishonored and tortured,” he said. In the back of my house lay another dead man who had been wrongly classified as a landowner. He cut his own throat by laying it on the railway track. At my age of eight when I went to water the vegetables, I witnessed such tragic deaths with my own eyes.

They greatly horrified and scared me,” he said. Tran Kim Anh’s father, uncle, and grandfather were all staunch supporters of the revolution in the northern province of Thai Binh. They belonged to the National People’s Party, which became a designated enemy organization during the land reform period. My father was determined to deny his being a member of the National People’s Party.

He was then tortured by having his two toes tied by two ropes that hung him to the ceiling. The ropes were pulled up. This hurt him badly, so he cried hard and asked them to pull down the ropes. Down he was pulled.

However, he still cried wildly due to his great pain. They then stuffed cloth into his mouth,” Anh said. No political rationale.

Later, he took food and water for his father and grandfather. I used a makeshift scoop made of a coconut crust hung by two wires to give some drinking water to my father. A soldier spilled half of the water.

Then he urinated into it and shouted: ‘We give this shit for you to drink so that you will open your eyes, and get rid of ideas of exploiting and bullying the people.’”. The official history of the time characterized the period from 1.

To set [the] ratio at 5. The History of the Vietnamese Economy, Vol. Dang Phong of the Institute of Economy, Vietnamese Institute of Social Sciences, and published in 2. The book describes eight phases of mass mobilizing and five phases of land reform launched in 3,3. It says 7. 00,0. 00 hectares were confiscated from landowners and distributed to about 4 million farmers: a total of 4. No official remorse. It says 7. 1. 6. 6 percent of victims were wrongly classified.

It also cites the official. Watch Bangkok Bound Mediafire. Land Reform Internal Journal. February 1. 95. 6, which quotes communist leader Ho Chi Minh as saying torture was prohibited. But at that time, the frenzy seemed to become uncontrollable in the countryside…and too many leftist measures were implemented.”.

Vu Thu Hien, a self- described idealistic youth at the time, said he later tried to find out the political rationale behind the land reform campaign but failed. After a thorough study and investigation we found something wrong. It was the fact that the land reform had not been a real one because if it had been a real one, there would have been a survey of the people’s cultivated lands in advance.

I still remember that at that time I could not read any official survey of the situation of cultivated lands in Vietnam at all,” he told RFA. This meant that the communists did not actually need a real land reform, that is, they did not want to re- distribute the lands in reasonable and legitimate ways. Instead they wanted a form of political struggle.”. Others who lived through that time described arbitrary methods of classification, such as “multiplication,” which was used to arrive at abstract numbers of landlords for a given area, regardless of whether the families concerned met the criteria. Apart from a hasty correctional campaign organized by the Communist Party in the late 1.

Vietnam’s history, according to former Party official Can. In my opinion so far we haven’t seen any clear remorse. There hasn’t been any official proclamation that the policy that aimed at provoking hatred out of differences in social classes was not a right one,” he said.

While people’s minds and hearts have been apparently calm and peaceful for 5. Original reporting in Vietnamese by Phuong Anh, Nguyen Anh, and Viet Hung. RFA Vietnamese service director: Diem Nguyen. Translation copy- edited by Stefanie Carr. Produced for the Web in English by Luisetta Mudie.

Edited by Sarah Jackson- Han. Radio Free Asia. Vietnamese service land reform series. Related RFA news in English.

Bruce Lee - Wikipedia. Bruce Lee. Bruce Lee in 1. Background information. Chinese name李小龍(traditional)Chinese name李小龙(simplified)Pinyin. Lǐ Xiǎolóng(Mandarin)Jyutping. Lei Siu Long(Cantonese)Birth name. Lee Jun- fan李振藩(Traditional)李振藩(Simplified)Lǐ Zhènfān (Mandarin)Lei Zan Faan (Cantonese)Origin.

Kowloon, Hong Kong[1]Born(1. November 2. 7, 1. Chinatown, San Francisco, U. S. Died. July 2. 0, 1. Kowloon Tong, British Hong Kong. Resting place. Lake View Cemetery, Seattle.

Nationality. Hong Kong[2]United States. Occupation. Martial artistphilosopheractordirectorscreenwriterproducer. Years active. 19. Spouse(s)Linda Emery(m. 1. Children. Brandon Lee (1. Shannon Lee (born 1. Parents. Lee Hoi- chuen (1.

Grace Ho (1. 90. 7–1. Siblings. Robert Lee (born 1. Ancestry. Shunde, Guangdong, China. Alma mater. University of Washington. Website. Bruce Lee Foundation.

Bruce Lee official website. Lee Jun- fan (Chinese: 李振藩; November 2. July 2. 0, 1. 97. Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher[5] and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi- chuen.

He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time,[6] and a pop culture icon of the 2. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[9]Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco, on November 2. Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon, Hong Kong, with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 1. University of Washington, at Seattle[1. His Hong Kong and Hollywood- produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1.

The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in the US, Hong Kong, and the rest of the world.[1. He is noted for his roles in five feature- length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1. Fist of Fury (1. 97. Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1. Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1. The Game of Death (1.

Robert Clouse.[1. Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[1.

He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality in Hong Kong and the US.[1.

He died in Kowloon Tong on July 2. Early life. Bruce Lee as a baby with his parents. Bruce Lee was born on November 2. Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco's Chinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.[1. Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was three months old.[1.

Bruce's father, Lee Hoi- chuen, (李海泉) was Han Chinese, and his mother, Grace Ho (何愛瑜), was of Eurasian ancestry.[1. Grace Ho was the adopted daughter of Ho Kom- tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the half- niece of Sir Robert Ho- tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[1. Bruce was the fourth child of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee (李忠琛), and Robert Lee (李振輝). Grace's parentage remains unclear. Linda Lee in her 1. The Bruce Lee Story suggests that Grace had a German father and was a Catholic.[2. Bruce Thomas in his influential 1.

Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit suggests that Grace had a Chinese mother and a German father.[2. Lee's relative Eric Peter Ho in his 2. Tracing My Children’s Lineage suggests that Grace was born in Shanghai to a Eurasian woman named Cheung King- sin.[2. Showtime Full The Haunted Palace Online Free here. Names. Bruce Lee and his family, when he was a child. Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun- fan (李振藩).[2. The name homophonically means "return again", and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United States once he came of age.[2.

Because of his mother's superstitious nature, she had originally named him Sai- fon (細鳳), which is a feminine name meaning "small phoenix".[2. The English name "Bruce" is thought to have been given by the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.[2. 5]Lee had three other Chinese names: Li Yuanxin (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Li Yuanjian (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his Chinese screen name Li Xiaolong (李小龍; Xiaolong means "little dragon"). Lee's given name Jun- fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩, however, the Jun (震) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun- biu (李震彪). Hence, the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed to the homonym 振 instead, to avoid naming taboo in Chinese tradition. Family. Lee's father, Lee Hoi- chuen, was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time, and was embarking on a year- long opera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong.

Lee Hoi- chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing at numerous Chinese communities there. Although many of his peers decided to stay in the US, Lee Hoi- chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce's birth. Within months, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoi- chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.

Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho- tungs. She was the half- niece of Sir Robert Ho- tung,[1.

Eurasian patriarch of the clan. As such, the young Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privileged environment. Despite the advantage of his family's status, the neighborhood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded, dangerous, and full of gang rivalries due to an influx of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a British Crown colony.[2. After Lee was involved in several street fights, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial arts.

Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu- style t'ai chi ch'uan.[2. Wing Chun. Lee, before the age of 1.

The largest influence on Lee's martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun. Lee began training in Wing Chun when he was 1. Wing Chun teacher Yip Man in 1. Yip's regular classes generally consisted of the forms practice, chi sao (sticking hands) drills, wooden dummy techniques, and free- sparring.[2.

There was no set pattern to the classes.[2. Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organized competitions.[2. After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip Man's other students refused to train with Lee after they learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generally against teaching their martial arts techniques to non- Asians.[3. Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung states, "Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partly taught, by Yip Man".[3. However, Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun, and continued to train privately with Yip Man and Wong Shun Leung in 1. Wan Kam Leung, a student of Wong's, witnessed a sparring bout between Wong and Lee, and noted the speed and precision with which Lee was able to deliver his kicks.[3. Lee continued to train with Wong Shun Leung after later returning to Hong Kong from America.

Leaving Hong Kong. Lee and his teacher Yip Man. After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校) (several blocks from his home at 2.

Nathan Road, Kowloon), Lee entered the primary school division of the Catholic.